Introduction

A Smart Agriculture System is an IoT-based farming solution that uses sensors, automation, and data analytics to improve crop productivity and optimize resource usage. It continuously monitors soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and environmental conditions and automates irrigation and alerts farmers in real time.

This system supports precision farming, reduces water wastage, and increases agricultural efficiency.

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Objective of the Project

• To monitor soil and environmental conditions in real time
• To automate irrigation based on soil moisture levels
• To reduce water wastage and manual effort
• To improve crop yield using smart technology

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Working Principle

The system collects data from multiple sensors installed in the field and processes it using an IoT-enabled microcontroller.

Step-by-Step Working

1. Soil moisture sensor measures water content in soil
2. DHT11/DHT22 sensor measures temperature and humidity
3. ESP32 / Arduino processes sensor data
4. When soil moisture is low, water pump is automatically activated
5. Data is sent to a cloud platform for remote monitoring
6. Alerts can be sent to farmers via mobile app

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Components Required

• ESP32 / ESP8266 / Arduino Uno
• Soil Moisture Sensor
• DHT11 / DHT22 Sensor
• Relay Module
• Water Pump / DC Motor
• Jumper Wires
• Breadboard / PCB
• Power Supply
• IoT Platform (Blynk / ThingSpeak / Firebase)

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Block Diagram

Soil Moisture Sensor
Temperature & Humidity Sensor
          ↓
        ESP32
          ↓
     Relay Module
          ↓
      Water Pump
          ↓
      Crop Field

ESP32 → Wi-Fi → IoT Cloud → Mobile App

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Circuit Connections

Soil Moisture Sensor

VCC → 3.3V / 5V
GND → GND
AO  → GPIO34

DHT22 Sensor

VCC → 3.3V
GND → GND
DATA → GPIO4

Relay Module

IN  → GPIO26
VCC → 5V
GND → GND

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Arduino Code (Smart Irrigation System)

#include <WiFi.h>
#include "DHT.h"
#include "ThingSpeak.h"

#define SOIL_PIN 34
#define DHTPIN 4
#define DHTTYPE DHT22
#define RELAY_PIN 26

DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);

const char* ssid = "Your_WiFi";
const char* password = "Your_Password";
WiFiClient client;

unsigned long channelID = 123456;
const char* writeAPIKey = "YOUR_API_KEY";

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600);
  dht.begin();
  pinMode(RELAY_PIN, OUTPUT);

  WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
  while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
    delay(500);
  }

  ThingSpeak.begin(client);
}

void loop() {
  int soilValue = analogRead(SOIL_PIN);
  float temperature = dht.readTemperature();
  float humidity = dht.readHumidity();

  Serial.print("Soil Moisture: ");
  Serial.println(soilValue);
  Serial.print("Temperature: ");
  Serial.println(temperature);
  Serial.print("Humidity: ");
  Serial.println(humidity);

  if (soilValue > 2500) {   // Dry soil
    digitalWrite(RELAY_PIN, HIGH); // Pump ON
  } else {
    digitalWrite(RELAY_PIN, LOW);  // Pump OFF
  }

  ThingSpeak.setField(1, soilValue);
  ThingSpeak.setField(2, temperature);
  ThingSpeak.setField(3, humidity);
  ThingSpeak.writeFields(channelID, writeAPIKey);

  delay(20000);
}

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Code Explanation

• Soil moisture sensor detects dryness of soil
• ESP32 automatically turns ON/OFF water pump
• Environmental data is uploaded to cloud
• Farmers can monitor conditions remotely

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Advantages

• Efficient water usage
• Reduced labor cost
• Increased crop productivity
• Real-time monitoring and automation

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Applications

• Smart farming and precision agriculture
• Greenhouses
• Agricultural research
• Smart irrigation systems

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Future Enhancements

• Add weather forecasting integration
• AI-based crop disease prediction
• Fertilizer automation system
• Solar-powered agriculture systems

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Conclusion

The Smart Agriculture System is a powerful IoT-based solution that improves farming efficiency by enabling real-time monitoring, automation, and smart decision-making. It supports sustainable agriculture and helps farmers increase yield with reduced resources.