Introduction

Water conservation is a critical global challenge. Traditional water meters require manual readings and do not provide real-time consumption data. A Smart Water Meter is an IoT-based system that automatically measures water usage and sends data to a cloud platform for monitoring and analysis.

This system helps reduce water wastage, supports fair billing, and promotes efficient water management.

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Objective of the Project

• To measure real-time water consumption
• To monitor water usage remotely
• To reduce water wastage
• To enable smart billing and alerts

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Working Principle

1. Water flow sensor detects the amount of water flowing
2. Microcontroller calculates water consumption
3. Data is displayed locally and sent to cloud
4. Alerts are generated for excessive usage or leakage

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Components Required

• ESP32 / NodeMCU (ESP8266)
• Water Flow Sensor (YF-S201)
• LCD / OLED Display
• Buzzer
• Relay (optional – water cutoff)
• Power Supply
• IoT Platform (ThingSpeak / Blynk / Firebase)

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Block Diagram

Water Flow Sensor
        ↓
ESP32 / NodeMCU
        ↓
 LCD Display + Buzzer
        ↓
        Wi-Fi
        ↓
    Cloud Platform

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Circuit Connections (ESP32 Example)

Water Flow Sensor

Red   → 5V
Black → GND
Yellow→ GPIO27

Buzzer

+ → GPIO26
- → GND

Relay (Optional)

IN → GPIO25
VCC → 5V
GND → GND

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IoT Arduino Code (Smart Water Meter)

#include <WiFi.h>
#include "ThingSpeak.h"

#define flowPin 27
#define buzzer 26

volatile int flowPulse = 0;
float flowRate;
float totalLiters = 0;

WiFiClient client;

const char* ssid = "Your_WiFi";
const char* password = "Your_Password";

unsigned long channelID = 123456;
const char* writeAPIKey = "YOUR_API_KEY";

void IRAM_ATTR pulseCounter() {
  flowPulse++;
}

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600);
  pinMode(flowPin, INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);

  attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(flowPin), pulseCounter, RISING);

  WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
  while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
    delay(500);
  }

  ThingSpeak.begin(client);
}

void loop() {
  flowPulse = 0;
  delay(1000);

  flowRate = (flowPulse / 7.5); 
  totalLiters += flowRate / 60;

  Serial.print("Flow Rate (L/min): ");
  Serial.println(flowRate);
  Serial.print("Total Water Used (L): ");
  Serial.println(totalLiters);

  if (flowRate > 20) {
    digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);
  } else {
    digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
  }

  ThingSpeak.setField(1, flowRate);
  ThingSpeak.setField(2, totalLiters);
  ThingSpeak.writeFields(channelID, writeAPIKey);

  delay(15000);
}

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Code Explanation

• Flow sensor pulses represent water flow
• ESP32 calculates flow rate and total usage
• Data is sent to IoT cloud
• Buzzer alerts for excessive usage

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Advantages

• Accurate water consumption tracking
• Eliminates manual meter reading
• Early detection of leaks
• Supports water conservation

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Applications

• Residential water monitoring
• Smart cities
• Industrial water management
• Agricultural irrigation systems

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Future Enhancements

• Mobile app for water usage insights
• Automatic water cutoff on leakage
• AI-based water demand prediction
• Smart billing integration

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Conclusion

The Smart Water Meter is an efficient and eco-friendly solution for modern water management. By integrating IoT technology, it enables real-time monitoring, accurate billing, and effective water conservation.