Introduction

A Fire Fighting Robot is an autonomous or semi-autonomous robot designed to detect and extinguish fire. It is built using sensors, motors, and a microcontroller. This project demonstrates robotics applied in safety and disaster management.

This robot can navigate towards a fire source and operate a fire extinguisher or water pump to put out the fire.

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Objective of the Project

• To design a robot that detects fire and extinguishes it automatically.
• To learn sensor interfacing and motor control.
• To implement autonomous navigation using obstacle sensors.
• To improve safety in hazardous areas.

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Working Principle

The Fire Fighting Robot works on fire detection and navigation.

Step-by-Step Working

1. Flame sensors detect fire in the environment.
2. Robot navigates towards the fire using motors.
3. Obstacle detection sensors (like IR sensors) prevent collisions.
4. Once fire is detected, the robot activates a water pump or fire extinguisher.
5. Robot continues operation until fire is extinguished.

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Components Required

• Arduino Uno
• Flame Sensor Module
• IR Obstacle Sensor Module
• DC Motors with Wheels
• Motor Driver Module (L298N / L293D)
• Water Pump or Small Air Blower
• Battery (6V or 12V)
• Jumper Wires
• Robot Chassis

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Circuit Diagram

Connections

Flame Sensor:
VCC -> 5V
GND -> GND
DO  -> D2 (Arduino)

IR Sensors (Left & Right):
VCC -> 5V
GND -> GND
DO  -> D3 (Left), D4 (Right)

Motor Driver L298N:
IN1 -> D8
IN2 -> D9
IN3 -> D10
IN4 -> D11
ENA -> D5
ENB -> D6

Water Pump:
Controlled via Relay Module IN1 -> D7
Relay VCC -> 5V, GND -> GND

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Arduino Code for Fire Fighting Robot

#include <AFMotor.h> // Optional if using Adafruit Motor Shield

// Motor pins
int motor1A = 8;
int motor1B = 9;
int motor2A = 10;
int motor2B = 11;
int ENA = 5;
int ENB = 6;

// Sensor pins
int flameSensor = 2;
int irLeft = 3;
int irRight = 4;
int pumpRelay = 7;

void setup() {
  pinMode(flameSensor, INPUT);
  pinMode(irLeft, INPUT);
  pinMode(irRight, INPUT);
  pinMode(pumpRelay, OUTPUT);
  
  pinMode(motor1A, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(motor1B, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(motor2A, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(motor2B, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(ENA, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(ENB, OUTPUT);
  
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
  int flame = digitalRead(flameSensor);
  int leftObstacle = digitalRead(irLeft);
  int rightObstacle = digitalRead(irRight);

  // Obstacle Avoidance
  if (leftObstacle == HIGH) {
    turnRight();
  } else if (rightObstacle == HIGH) {
    turnLeft();
  } else {
    moveForward();
  }

  // Fire Detection
  if (flame == HIGH) {
    stopRobot();
    digitalWrite(pumpRelay, HIGH); // Activate water pump
    delay(5000); // Pump runs for 5 seconds
    digitalWrite(pumpRelay, LOW);
  }
}

void moveForward() {
  digitalWrite(motor1A, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(motor1B, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motor2A, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(motor2B, LOW);
}

void turnLeft() {
  digitalWrite(motor1A, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motor1B, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(motor2A, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(motor2B, LOW);
}

void turnRight() {
  digitalWrite(motor1A, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(motor1B, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motor2A, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motor2B, HIGH);
}

void stopRobot() {
  digitalWrite(motor1A, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motor1B, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motor2A, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motor2B, LOW);
}

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Code Explanation

• Flame sensor detects fire and triggers water pump.
• IR sensors detect obstacles and help robot avoid collisions.
• Arduino controls motor directions and water pump activation.
• Robot moves autonomously toward fire and extinguishes it.

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Advantages

• Reduces human risk in fire accidents
• Autonomous operation
• Can be enhanced for larger firefighting tasks
• Educational and practical robotics project

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Applications

• Firefighting in hazardous environments
• Smart robotics competitions
• Industrial safety automation
• Educational and demonstration purposes

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Future Enhancements

• IoT integration for remote monitoring
• Camera-based fire detection
• Multiple pump system for larger areas
• Voice or app-controlled firefighting robot

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Conclusion

The Fire Fighting Robot is an advanced robotics project that combines sensors, motors, and automation for real-world applications. It provides a practical solution for fire safety while demonstrating the power of autonomous robotics and Arduino-based control systems.